Colorectal cancer: Fighting a hidden menace
Published on: Wednesday, July 26, 2023
By: Dr Ratha Krishnan Sriram
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Dr Ratha Krishnan Sriram (left) and abdominal discomfort or pain is a common sign of colorectal cancer.
With their rising incidence and impact on public health, medical professionals and researchers are intensifying efforts to raise awareness, improve early detection and enhance treatment options for this potentially life-threatening disease.
Colorectal cancer, often referred to as colon cancer or bowel cancer, occurs when abnormal cells in the colon or rectum multiply uncontrollably, forming a tumour.
This disease typically develops from noncancerous polyps, which are growths on the inner lining of the colon or rectum. If left undetected or untreated, these polyps can evolve into cancerous cells over time.
Colorectal cancer, affecting the colon or rectum, is the second most common cancer in Malaysia, the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in the world and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths.
Often referred to as a “silent killer”, it typically develops without symptoms in the early stages, making regular screenings and awareness campaigns critical.
Statistics reveal that the disease is most prevalent in individuals aged 50 and older, but alarming trends have shown an increase in cases among younger adults in recent years.
In recent years, the incidence rates have been climbing steadily, affecting individuals across various age groups and geographical locations.
Lifestyle factors such as sedentary behaviour, unhealthy diet choices, obesity, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption and genetic predispositions contribute to the development of colorectal cancer.
The symptoms of colorectal cancer can be subtle and easily mistaken for other conditions, leading to delayed diagnosis.
Common signs include persistent changes in bowel habits, rectal bleeding or blood in the stool, unexplained weight loss, abdominal discomfort or pain and fatigue.
These symptoms should never be ignored. Early detection is crucial for successful treatment and improved survival rates.
In light of the alarming increase in colorectal cancer cases, health authorities are strongly urging individuals to prioritise regular screenings.
Common screening methods include faecal occult blood tests (FOBT) and colonscopies.
Faecal blood test is to test for the presence of blood in the stool that can’t be seen by the naked eye. If the test is positive the patients are subjected to colonscopy.
Colonscopies allow physicians to examine the colon and rectum for polyps or abnormal growths. Additional tests such as FOBT and flexible sigmoidoscopy may also be employed to detect the presence of colorectal cancer.
Preventive measures, including lifestyle modifications, play a significant role in reducing the risk of developing colorectal cancer.
Adopting a balanced diet rich in fibre, fruits and vegetables, limiting the consumption of processed foods, engaging in regular physical activity and avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption can all contribute to lowering the risk.
Colorectal cancer management involves a multidisciplinary approach that includes medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, radiologists, pathologists and colorectal surgeons.
Colorectal surgeons are highly skilled and experienced in performing surgeries for colorectal cancer. They work closely with the entire multidisciplinary team to ensure comprehensive and personalised care for each patient.
Their expertise lies in surgical techniques, ensuing optimal tumour removal, minimising complications and maximising patient outcomes.
Advancements in medical research have paved the way for innovative treatment options for colorectal cancers.
Depending on the stage and location of the tumour, treatment may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy or immunotherapy. Personalised treatment plans are developed based on individual patient factors, with the aim of maximising efficacy and minimising side effects.
The medical community, in collaboration with public health organisations, is focused on raising the awareness about colorectal cancer and promoting early detection strategies.
Public campaigns, educational programmes and initiatives are being launched to emphasise the importance of regular screenings and lifestyle modifications.
Researchers are actively studying genetic factors and molecular pathways associated with colorectal cancer to develop novel therapies and targeted interventions.
Colorectal cancer presents a significant challenge to global healthcare systems and individual worldwide.
Through collective efforts, including early detection, preventive measures and ongoing research, we can strive to reduce the burden of colorectal cancer and improve outcomes for those affected by this insidious disease.
This article was contributed by Dr Ratha Krishnan Sriram, who is a Consultant Colorectal and General Surgeon at Gleneagles Hospital Kota Kinabalu.
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